# Helmet

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Helmet helps you secure your Express apps by setting various HTTP headers. _It's not a silver bullet_, but it can help!

## Quick start

First, run `npm install helmet` for your app. Then, in an Express app:

```js
const express = require("express");
const helmet = require("helmet");

const app = express();

app.use(helmet());

// ...
```

You can also use ECMAScript modules if you prefer.

```js
import helmet from "helmet";

const app = express();

app.use(helmet());
```

By default, Helmet sets the following headers:

```http
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self';base-uri 'self';font-src 'self' https: data:;form-action 'self';frame-ancestors 'self';img-src 'self' data:;object-src 'none';script-src 'self';script-src-attr 'none';style-src 'self' https: 'unsafe-inline';upgrade-insecure-requests
Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp
Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin
Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-origin
Origin-Agent-Cluster: ?1
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15552000; includeSubDomains
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-DNS-Prefetch-Control: off
X-Download-Options: noopen
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies: none
X-XSS-Protection: 0
```

To set custom options for a header, add options like this:

```js
// This sets custom options for the `referrerPolicy` middleware.
app.use(
  helmet({
    referrerPolicy: { policy: "no-referrer" },
  })
);
```

You can also disable a middleware:

```js
// This disables the `contentSecurityPolicy` middleware but keeps the rest.
app.use(
  helmet({
    contentSecurityPolicy: false,
  })
);
```

## How it works

Helmet is [Express](https://expressjs.com) middleware. (It also works with [Connect](https://github.com/senchalabs/connect) or [no library at all](https://github.com/helmetjs/helmet/wiki/How-to-use-Helmet-without-Express)! If you need support for other frameworks or languages, [see this list](https://helmetjs.github.io/see-also/).)

The top-level `helmet` function is a wrapper around 15 smaller middlewares.

In other words, these two code snippets are equivalent:

```js
import helmet from "helmet";

// ...

app.use(helmet());
```

```js
import * as helmet from "helmet";

// ...

app.use(helmet.contentSecurityPolicy());
app.use(helmet.crossOriginEmbedderPolicy());
app.use(helmet.crossOriginOpenerPolicy());
app.use(helmet.crossOriginResourcePolicy());
app.use(helmet.dnsPrefetchControl());
app.use(helmet.expectCt());
app.use(helmet.frameguard());
app.use(helmet.hidePoweredBy());
app.use(helmet.hsts());
app.use(helmet.ieNoOpen());
app.use(helmet.noSniff());
app.use(helmet.originAgentCluster());
app.use(helmet.permittedCrossDomainPolicies());
app.use(helmet.referrerPolicy());
app.use(helmet.xssFilter());
```

## Reference

<details>
<summary><code>helmet(options)</code></summary>

Helmet is the top-level middleware for this module, including all 15 others.

```js
// Includes all 15 middlewares
app.use(helmet());
```

If you want to disable one, pass options to `helmet`. For example, to disable `frameguard`:

```js
// Includes 14 out of 15 middlewares, skipping `helmet.frameguard`
app.use(
  helmet({
    frameguard: false,
  })
);
```

Most of the middlewares have options, which are documented in more detail below. For example, to pass `{ action: "deny" }` to `frameguard`:

```js
// Includes all 15 middlewares, setting an option for `helmet.frameguard`
app.use(
  helmet({
    frameguard: {
      action: "deny",
    },
  })
);
```

Each middleware's name is listed below.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.contentSecurityPolicy(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self';base-uri 'self';font-src 'self' https: data:;form-action 'self';frame-ancestors 'self';img-src 'self' data:;object-src 'none';script-src 'self';script-src-attr 'none';style-src 'self' https: 'unsafe-inline';upgrade-insecure-requests
```

`helmet.contentSecurityPolicy` sets the `Content-Security-Policy` header which helps mitigate cross-site scripting attacks, among other things. See [MDN's introductory article on Content Security Policy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP).

This middleware performs very little validation. You should rely on CSP checkers like [CSP Evaluator](https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/) instead.

`options.directives` is an object. Each key is a directive name in camel case (such as `defaultSrc`) or kebab case (such as `default-src`). Each value is an iterable (usually an array) of strings or functions for that directive. If a function appears in the iterable, it will be called with the request and response. The `default-src` can be explicitly disabled by setting its value to `helmet.contentSecurityPolicy.dangerouslyDisableDefaultSrc`.

These directives are merged into a default policy, which you can disable by setting `options.useDefaults` to `false`. Here is the default policy (whitespace added for readability):

    default-src 'self';
    base-uri 'self';
    font-src 'self' https: data:;
    form-action 'self';
    frame-ancestors 'self';
    img-src 'self' data:;
    object-src 'none';
    script-src 'self';
    script-src-attr 'none';
    style-src 'self' https: 'unsafe-inline';
    upgrade-insecure-requests

`options.reportOnly` is a boolean, defaulting to `false`. If `true`, [the `Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only` header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only) will be set instead. If you want to set _both_ the normal and `Report-Only` headers, see [this code snippet](https://github.com/helmetjs/helmet/issues/351#issuecomment-1015498560).

You can also get the default directives object with `helmet.contentSecurityPolicy.getDefaultDirectives()`.

Examples:

```js
// Sets all of the defaults, but overrides `script-src` and disables the default `style-src`
app.use(
  helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
    directives: {
      "script-src": ["'self'", "example.com"],
      "style-src": null,
    },
  })
);

// Sets "Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self';script-src 'self' example.com;object-src 'none';upgrade-insecure-requests"
app.use(
  helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
    useDefaults: false,
    directives: {
      defaultSrc: ["'self'"],
      scriptSrc: ["'self'", "example.com"],
      objectSrc: ["'none'"],
      upgradeInsecureRequests: [],
    },
  })
);

// Sets the "Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only" header instead
app.use(
  helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
    directives: {
      /* ... */
    },
    reportOnly: true,
  })
);

// Sets the `script-src` directive to "'self' 'nonce-e33ccde670f149c1789b1e1e113b0916'" (or similar)
app.use((req, res, next) => {
  res.locals.cspNonce = crypto.randomBytes(16).toString("hex");
  next();
});
app.use(
  helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
    directives: {
      scriptSrc: ["'self'", (req, res) => `'nonce-${res.locals.cspNonce}'`],
    },
  })
);

// Sets "Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self'"
app.use(
  helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
    useDefaults: false,
    directives: {
      "default-src": helmet.contentSecurityPolicy.dangerouslyDisableDefaultSrc,
      "script-src": ["'self'"],
    },
  })
);

// Sets the `frame-ancestors` directive to "'none'"
// See also: `helmet.frameguard`
app.use(
  helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
    directives: {
      frameAncestors: ["'none'"],
    },
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `helmet-csp`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.crossOriginEmbedderPolicy(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp
```

`helmet.crossOriginEmbedderPolicy` sets the `Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy` header to `require-corp`. See [MDN's article on this header](https://developer.cdn.mozilla.net/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy) for more.

Standalone example:

```js
// Sets "Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginEmbedderPolicy());

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: credentialless"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginEmbedderPolicy({ policy: "credentialless" }));
```

You can't install this module separately.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.crossOriginOpenerPolicy()</code></summary>

```http
Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin
```

`helmet.crossOriginOpenerPolicy` sets the `Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy` header. For more, see [MDN's article on this header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy).

Example usage with Helmet:

```js
// Uses the default Helmet options and adds the `crossOriginOpenerPolicy` middleware.

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin"
app.use(helmet({ crossOriginOpenerPolicy: true }));

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin-allow-popups"
app.use(
  helmet({ crossOriginOpenerPolicy: { policy: "same-origin-allow-popups" } })
);
```

Standalone example:

```js
// Sets "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginOpenerPolicy());

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin-allow-popups"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginOpenerPolicy({ policy: "same-origin-allow-popups" }));

// Sets "unsafe-none-Opener-Policy: unsafe-none"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginOpenerPolicy({ policy: "unsafe-none" }));
```

You can't install this module separately.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.crossOriginResourcePolicy()</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-origin
```

`helmet.crossOriginResourcePolicy` sets the `Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy` header. For more, see ["Consider deploying Cross-Origin Resource Policy](https://resourcepolicy.fyi/) and [MDN's article on this header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy).

Example usage with Helmet:

```js
// Uses the default Helmet options and adds the `crossOriginResourcePolicy` middleware.

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-origin"
app.use(helmet({ crossOriginResourcePolicy: true }));

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-site"
app.use(helmet({ crossOriginResourcePolicy: { policy: "same-site" } }));
```

Standalone example:

```js
// Sets "Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-origin"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginResourcePolicy());

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: same-site"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginResourcePolicy({ policy: "same-site" }));

// Sets "Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: cross-origin"
app.use(helmet.crossOriginResourcePolicy({ policy: "cross-origin" }));
```

You can install this module separately as `cross-origin-resource-policy`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.expectCt(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Expect-CT: max-age=0
```

`helmet.expectCt` sets the `Expect-CT` header which helps mitigate misissued SSL certificates. See [MDN's article on Certificate Transparency](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Certificate_Transparency) and the [`Expect-CT` header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Expect-CT) for more.

`Expect-CT` is no longer useful for new browsers in 2022. Therefore, `helmet.expectCt` is deprecated and will be removed in the next major version of Helmet. However, it can still be used in this version of Helmet.

`options.maxAge` is the number of seconds to expect Certificate Transparency. It defaults to `0`.

`options.enforce` is a boolean. If `true`, the user agent (usually a browser) should refuse future connections that violate its Certificate Transparency policy. Defaults to `false`.

`options.reportUri` is a string. If set, complying user agents will report Certificate Transparency failures to this URL. Unset by default.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "Expect-CT: max-age=86400"
app.use(
  helmet.expectCt({
    maxAge: 86400,
  })
);

// Sets "Expect-CT: max-age=86400, enforce, report-uri="https://example.com/report"
app.use(
  helmet.expectCt({
    maxAge: 86400,
    enforce: true,
    reportUri: "https://example.com/report",
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `expect-ct`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.referrerPolicy(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer
```

`helmet.referrerPolicy` sets the `Referrer-Policy` header which controls what information is set in [the `Referer` header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referer). See ["Referer header: privacy and security concerns"](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Referer_header:_privacy_and_security_concerns) and [the header's documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy) on MDN for more.

`options.policy` is a string or array of strings representing the policy. If passed as an array, it will be joined with commas, which is useful when setting [a fallback policy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy#Specifying_a_fallback_policy). It defaults to `no-referrer`.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "Referrer-Policy: no-referrer"
app.use(
  helmet.referrerPolicy({
    policy: "no-referrer",
  })
);

// Sets "Referrer-Policy: origin,unsafe-url"
app.use(
  helmet.referrerPolicy({
    policy: ["origin", "unsafe-url"],
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `referrer-policy`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.hsts(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15552000; includeSubDomains
```

`helmet.hsts` sets the `Strict-Transport-Security` header which tells browsers to prefer HTTPS over insecure HTTP. See [the documentation on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security) for more.

`options.maxAge` is the number of seconds browsers should remember to prefer HTTPS. If passed a non-integer, the value is rounded down. It defaults to `15552000`, which is 180 days.

`options.includeSubDomains` is a boolean which dictates whether to include the `includeSubDomains` directive, which makes this policy extend to subdomains. It defaults to `true`.

`options.preload` is a boolean. If true, it adds the `preload` directive, expressing intent to add your HSTS policy to browsers. See [the "Preloading Strict Transport Security" section on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security#Preloading_Strict_Transport_Security) for more. It defaults to `false`.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=123456; includeSubDomains"
app.use(
  helmet.hsts({
    maxAge: 123456,
  })
);

// Sets "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=123456"
app.use(
  helmet.hsts({
    maxAge: 123456,
    includeSubDomains: false,
  })
);

// Sets "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=123456; includeSubDomains; preload"
app.use(
  helmet.hsts({
    maxAge: 63072000,
    preload: true,
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `hsts`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.noSniff()</code></summary>

Default:

```http
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
```

`helmet.noSniff` sets the `X-Content-Type-Options` header to `nosniff`. This mitigates [MIME type sniffing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_types#MIME_sniffing) which can cause security vulnerabilities. See [documentation for this header on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Content-Type-Options) for more.

This middleware takes no options.

Example:

```js
// Sets "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff"
app.use(helmet.noSniff());
```

You can install this module separately as `dont-sniff-mimetype`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.originAgentCluster()</code></summary>

Default:

```http
Origin-Agent-Cluster: ?1
```

`helmet.originAgentCluster` sets the `Origin-Agent-Cluster` header, which provides a mechanism to allow web applications to isolate their origins. Read more about it [in the spec](https://whatpr.org/html/6214/origin.html#origin-keyed-agent-clusters).

Standalone example:

```js
// Sets "Origin-Agent-Cluster: ?1"
app.use(helmet.originAgentCluster());
```

You can't install this module separately.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.dnsPrefetchControl(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
X-DNS-Prefetch-Control: off
```

`helmet.dnsPrefetchControl` sets the `X-DNS-Prefetch-Control` header to help control DNS prefetching, which can improve user privacy at the expense of performance. See [documentation on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-DNS-Prefetch-Control) for more.

`options.allow` is a boolean dictating whether to enable DNS prefetching. It defaults to `false`.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "X-DNS-Prefetch-Control: off"
app.use(
  helmet.dnsPrefetchControl({
    allow: false,
  })
);

// Sets "X-DNS-Prefetch-Control: on"
app.use(
  helmet.dnsPrefetchControl({
    allow: true,
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `dns-prefetch-control`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.ieNoOpen()</code></summary>

Default:

```http
X-Download-Options: noopen
```

`helmet.ieNoOpen` sets the `X-Download-Options` header, which is specific to Internet Explorer 8. It forces potentially-unsafe downloads to be saved, mitigating execution of HTML in your site's context. For more, see [this old post on MSDN](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/ie/ie8-security-part-v-comprehensive-protection).

This middleware takes no options.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "X-Download-Options: noopen"
app.use(helmet.ieNoOpen());
```

You can install this module separately as `ienoopen`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.frameguard(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
```

`helmet.frameguard` sets the `X-Frame-Options` header to help you mitigate [clickjacking attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking). This header is superseded by [the `frame-ancestors` Content Security Policy directive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy/frame-ancestors) but is still useful on old browsers. For more, see `helmet.contentSecurityPolicy`, as well as [the documentation on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options).

`options.action` is a string that specifies which directive to use—either `DENY` or `SAMEORIGIN`. (A legacy directive, `ALLOW-FROM`, is not supported by this middleware. [Read more here.](https://github.com/helmetjs/helmet/wiki/How-to-use-X%E2%80%93Frame%E2%80%93Options's-%60ALLOW%E2%80%93FROM%60-directive)) It defaults to `SAMEORIGIN`.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "X-Frame-Options: DENY"
app.use(
  helmet.frameguard({
    action: "deny",
  })
);

// Sets "X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN"
app.use(
  helmet.frameguard({
    action: "sameorigin",
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `frameguard`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.permittedCrossDomainPolicies(options)</code></summary>

Default:

```http
X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies: none
```

`helmet.permittedCrossDomainPolicies` sets the `X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies` header, which tells some clients (mostly Adobe products) your domain's policy for loading cross-domain content. See [the description on OWASP](https://owasp.org/www-project-secure-headers/) for more.

`options.permittedPolicies` is a string that must be `"none"`, `"master-only"`, `"by-content-type"`, or `"all"`. It defaults to `"none"`.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies: none"
app.use(
  helmet.permittedCrossDomainPolicies({
    permittedPolicies: "none",
  })
);

// Sets "X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies: by-content-type"
app.use(
  helmet.permittedCrossDomainPolicies({
    permittedPolicies: "by-content-type",
  })
);
```

You can install this module separately as `helmet-crossdomain`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.hidePoweredBy()</code></summary>

Default: the `X-Powered-By` header, if present, is omitted.

`helmet.hidePoweredBy` removes the `X-Powered-By` header, which is set by default in some frameworks (like Express). Removing the header offers very limited security benefits (see [this discussion](https://github.com/expressjs/express/pull/2813#issuecomment-159270428)) and is mostly removed to save bandwidth.

This middleware takes no options.

Note: [Express has a built-in way to disable the `X-Powered-By` header](https://stackoverflow.com/a/12484642/804100), which you may wish to use instead of this middleware.

Examples:

```js
// Removes the X-Powered-By header if it was set.
app.use(helmet.hidePoweredBy());
```

You can install this module separately as `hide-powered-by`.

</details>

<details>
<summary><code>helmet.xssFilter()</code></summary>

Default:

```http
X-XSS-Protection: 0
```

`helmet.xssFilter` disables browsers' buggy cross-site scripting filter by setting the `X-XSS-Protection` header to `0`. See [discussion about disabling the header here](https://github.com/helmetjs/helmet/issues/230) and [documentation on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-XSS-Protection).

This middleware takes no options.

Examples:

```js
// Sets "X-XSS-Protection: 0"
app.use(helmet.xssFilter());
```

You can install this module separately as `x-xss-protection`.

</details>
